Introduction Flowering and pollination are critical processes in plant reproduction, laying the foundation for fruit and seed development. Flowering involves multiple intricate stages, from floral initiation to anthesis, and is influenced by both internal and external factors. Pollination, the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma, facilitates fertilization and seed formation. In this article, we

Introduction Fruit trees, like all living organisms, progress through distinct developmental stages, each marked by unique traits and importance. Gaining a clear understanding of these phases—from seed germination and growth to the productive mature stage and eventual decline—offers essential knowledge for growers, breeders, and horticulture enthusiasts. Germination of Seeds Seed germination is the initial phase