Introduction The plant cytoskeleton is a dynamic framework comprising microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments, responsible for maintaining cellular integrity, intracellular transport, and signal transduction. Regulation of the cytoskeleton is essential for various physiological processes, including cell division, elongation, and environmental stress responses. Among the key regulators, AGC1 kinases (Protein Kinase A, G, and C […]

Introduction Stomata are essential microscopic structures on the surface of plant leaves and stems, facilitating critical physiological processes such as gas exchange and transpiration (Bergmann & Sack, 2007). These pores are bordered by a pair of specialized guard cells, whose turgor changes regulate the opening and closing of the stomata, thus balancing carbon dioxide uptake