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Cloning of nucleic acids in plants is a cornerstone of plant molecular biology, enabling researchers to manipulate and study specific genes to unravel their functions and roles in plant development, stress responses, and metabolic pathways. This process involves isolating, amplifying, and inserting DNA or RNA fragments into suitable vectors, which are subsequently introduced into plant

Structure of a eukaryotic gene Eukaryotic genes, the fundamental units of heredity, comprise both coding regions (exons) and non-coding regions (introns) that guide the synthesis of proteins or functional RNA molecules. These structural elements are vital for regulating gene expression and processing mRNA. The organization of these components forms the basis of eukaryotic gene expression,

The lac operon is one of the most studied models of gene regulation in prokaryotes, particularly in Escherichia coli. It provides a brilliant example of how bacteria efficiently control the expression of genes involved in lactose metabolism, depending on environmental conditions. Let’s dive into its structure, components, and regulation to understand its significance. What is